Spectacular Shakespeare: Critical Theory and Popular Cinema
Edited by Courtney Lehmann & Lisa S Starks

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As its subtitle suggests, this is a volume devoted to ways in which theory might be brought to bear on popular representations of Shakespeare in the cinema. The collection contemplates the possibility of a new privileging of the dramatist, his works, and name in recent filmic ventures, reflecting on the ownership of “Shakespeare,” the significance of his citation, and the purchase of his status in various cultural niches and registers. In so doing, Spectacular Shakespeare traverses a range of auteurs and genres, and offers an eloquent contribution to an emergent field.

The first section groups essays concerned broadly with questions about media imperialism. Marguerite Hailey Rippy does a fine job in reading film versions of Othello (such as A Double Life, dir. George Cukor, 1947) and spin-offs from TV series (such as a 1983 episode of Cheers) as conjurations of an American cultural obsession with taboo images. She suggests ways in which the white American subject has been historically preoccupied with the black body as a site of fear, desire, and displacement, concluding that “performative complexity” in film is invariably traded for “stereotypical brutality”(26). The focus shifts in Lisa Hopkins’s piece, since she concentrates on Richard III (dir. Richard Loncraine, 1995) as an extended commentary on the Windsor royal family. Yet, Hopkins argues, it is enabled to adjudicate between both British and US styles of flimmaking and to summon a variety of culture-specific audience expectations. A felicitous movement ensues, with the next essay, in which Alfredo Michel Modenessi gives a dazzling reading of the postmodern markers in William Shakespeare’s “Romeo + Juliet (dir. Baz Luhrmann, 1996) in terms of its national and ethnic features, its Latin American setting, and its self-conscious mediation of US and Mexican border-crossings. Modenessi elegantly unravels Luhrmann’s method by way of pinpointing the film’s “purely spectacular” rehearsal of styles and ultimate avoidance of meaningful “ideological” engagement (73, 77).

The book’s second section exchanges the national for the individual, looking at the multiple filaments binding eroticism, commercialization, and marriage. Laurie Osborne voices the surprising but also persuasive proposal that the endemic discontinuities of Shakespeare films are the paradoxical preconditions for the formulation of characterological coherence. Her chief example is Twelfth Night (dir. Trevor Nunn, 1996), where the highs and lows of individual experience are indicated via cross-cutting and short takes, changes in tone, and dispersals of moods and moments. Complementary to Osborne’s chapter is Samuel Crowl’s illuminating exploration of Much Ado about Nothing (dir. Kenneth Branagh, 1993), the uniqueness of which is established through intertextual reference and technically-anchored ‘filmic analysis. A typically refreshing observation is that the film’s use of the “screwball tradition” (112) allows it to retain the gendered complexities of its cinematic models. Extending the comedy/courtship connection, Courtney Lehmann turns to Shakespeare in Love (dir. John Madden, 1998), seeing the film as mediating the body of Shakespeare in order to advance a disquisition on the death of the author. The essay represents a notably polished and bravura performance.

The volume’s third section addresses the reception of Shakespeare in both cinema and classroom. An articulate interpretation by Douglas Larder links Swan Song(1992), A Midwinter Tale (1995), and Hamlet (1996), all by Kenneth Branagh as examples of this director’s absorption in ideals of family and communitas. The arrangement allows Lanier to contend that popular constructions of Shakespeare are invariably in conflict both with anxieties about the declining power of theater and with the pressures of mass modernity. Theatrical edifices give way to educational institutions in the two succeeding chapters. One, by Elizabeth A. Deitchman, is a clearly enunciated assessment of Shakespeare’s capacity for “making meaning’ (184) as this is embodied in Hamlet (dir, Franco Zeffirelli, 1991), The Last Action Hero (dir. John McTiernan, 1993), and Renaissance Man (dir. Penny Marshall, 1994), films that invite comparison because of their shared participation in American notions of democracy. The other, by Annalisa Castaldo, makes the arresting point that editorial issues—including textual variation and multiple authorship—can be pedagogically exemplified with reference to the hybrid origins and postmodern dimensions of Shakespeare films, despite the dramatist’s “aura of inevitability” and “monolithic stability” (187). Concluding the collection is Richard Burt’s animated and knowledgeable appraisal of the “teensploi” films from the late 1990s which deploy Shakespeare to justify a repressive attitude toward female intelligence and an unhelpful division of women into binary categories. Both the accompanying “dumbing down” (205) of Shakespeare and the promotion of his genius, which Burt describes as central contradictory procedures, emerge from the particular species of conservative feminism that his essay so expertly identifies.

The essays as a whole reveal a spread of local orientations—postcoloniality, post- modernism, cultural materialism, performance and film history, poststructuralism, pedagogy, and gay/lesbian and media theory—and at their best the chapters benefit from a medley of informed approaches. If it is occasionally unclear which particular theoretical requirement an essay is intended to meet, all is explained, and subsumed within, the volume’s main title, Spectacular Shakespeare; for this is also a book dedicated to the ways in which Shakespeare, through cinema, has been “spectacularized” or placed on display as a cultural icon and a media celebrity. Lehmann and Starks introduction—“Are We in Love with Shakespeare?”—is crucially adept in this respect: as well as providing a rationale for the various parts and separating them out into coherent structures, it ponders the status of Shakespeare as a performance phenomenon and probes the extent of his authority in postmodernity. It provides, in short, an engaged and accessible point of entry into what will surely become, for practitioners in the field, a central critical statement.

-- Ramona Wray, Shakespeare Quarterly

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Photograph courtesy of Louise Dell-Bene Stahl © 2001



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